1. Abstract
The HEXACO Personality Inventory-Revised (HEXACO-PI-R), developed by psychometricians Michael C. Ashton and Kibeom Lee, represents a structural paradigm shift in the assessment of human personality traits. Originating from comprehensive cross-cultural lexical studies across diverse Indo-European and non-Indo-European languages, the HEXACO model identifies six robust, replicable, and cross-culturally invariant dimensions of personality: Honesty-Humility (H), Emotionality (E), Extraversion (X), Agreeableness (A), Conscientiousness (C), and Openness to Experience (O). The 100-item operationalization (HEXACO-PI-R 100) provides an optimal psychometric balance between empirical granularity and administrative economy, evaluating each of the six broad domains through four specific facet subscales (totaling 24 primary facets), alongside an interstitial facet scale measuring Altruism versus Antagonism.
Respondents evaluate statements using a standardized 5-point Likert response scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). Psychometrically, the instrument exhibits exemplary construct, convergent, and criterion-related validity, alongside high internal consistency reliability, with domain-level Cronbach’s alpha coefficients typically ranging from .79 to .86 and facet-level reliabilities maintaining robust homogeneity across both self-report and observer-report forms. Confirmatory and exploratory factor analyses consistently validate the orthogonal six-factor structure across international populations. The HEXACO model substantially outperforms traditional five-factor frameworks (e.g., the Big Five and Five-Factor Model) in predicting criteria involving reciprocal altruism, ethical integrity, counterproductive workplace behavior, Dark Triad traits, delinquency, and prosocial cooperation, thereby establishing itself as an indispensable diagnostic and empirical tool in modern differential psychology, organizational psychology, and behavioral economics.
2. Keywords
HEXACO-PI-R, Honesty-Humility, Emotionality, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Openness to Experience, Personality Assessment, Psychometrics, Factor Analysis, Dark Triad, Lexical Hypothesis
3. Authors
The HEXACO Personality Inventory and its revised iterations were conceptualized, validated, and refined by:
- Kibeom Lee, Ph.D. — Professor of Psychology, Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Dr. Lee has authored foundational psychometric investigations into organizational psychology, structural personality modeling, and workplace counterproductivity. (Email: [email protected]).
- Michael C. Ashton, Ph.D. — Professor of Psychology, Department of Psychology, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada. Dr. Ashton is renowned for his empirical investigations into the lexical structure of personality across international lexicons, evolutionary psychology, and differential trait taxonomy. (Email: [email protected]).
4. Purpose
The primary objective of the HEXACO-PI-R is to provide an accurate, theoretically grounded, and empirically validated measurement of the six broad dimensional axes of adult personality. For decades, personality psychology was dominated by the Five-Factor Model (FFM), which synthesized trait variance into Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness. However, extensive cross-language lexical studies led by Ashton, Lee, and international collaborators consistently demonstrated that the lexical taxonomy of natural languages in Europe, East Asia, and the Middle East natively yields six, rather than five, broad recurrent dimensions.
The theoretical rationale for the HEXACO instrument centers on resolving critical predictive and structural blind spots inherent in traditional five-factor metrics. Specifically, the inclusion of the Honesty-Humility (H) domain captures variance related to sincerity, fairness, greed avoidance, and modesty—traits that were previously dispersed, marginalized, or omitted entirely within the Big Five taxonomy. Conversely, the reconfigured Emotionality (E) domain isolates vulnerability, sentimentality, anxiety, and fearfulness, while reallocating anger and irritability to the Agreeableness versus Anger (A) axis. In doing so, the HEXACO-PI-R provides a distinct, evolutionarily grounded map of personality traits.
In applied research and clinical assessment, the HEXACO-PI-R serves multiple diagnostic functions:
- Industrial and Organizational Psychology: Evaluating integrity, ethical orientation, leadership potential, safety compliance, and susceptibility to counterproductive work behaviors (CWBs), such as theft, fraud, organizational sabotage, and workplace bullying.
- Behavioral Economics and Game Theory: Modeling prosocial resource allocation, cooperation, ultimatum bargaining, exploitation thresholds, and risk orientation.
- Forensic and Criminological Psychology: Assessing antisocial orientations, psychopathic tendencies, Machiavellian deception, narcissism, and predatory interpersonal manipulation.
- Interpersonal and Clinical Relationship Counseling: Understanding attachment anxieties, emotional dependency, empathetic resonance, chronic hostility, and conflict resolution trajectories.
5. Psychological Construct
The HEXACO architecture conceptualizes personality through six superordinate traits, each subdivided into four distinct lower-order facets, plus one interstitial facet. Understanding these constructs in detail clarifies the unique diagnostic utility of the instrument.
Honesty-Humility (H)
Honesty-Humility reflects the tendency to be fair, sincere, and unpretentious in interpersonal relations, versus exploitative, narcissistic, and greedy. Individuals with high levels of Honesty-Humility refuse to manipulate others for personal gain, display little temptation to violate ethical and legal norms, are indifferent to lavish status symbols, and maintain genuine humility regarding their societal status.
- Sincerity: Assesses the inclination to be genuine in interpersonal relationships, as opposed to using flattery, insincere praise, or deceit to manipulate others.
- Fairness: Measures an individual’s commitment to ethical standards and justice, characterized by an unwillingness to cheat, steal, or exploit systemic loopholes for personal enrichment.
- Greed Avoidance: Reflects indifference to ostentatious wealth, high social status, or luxury possessions.
- Modesty: Captures the view of oneself as an ordinary individual who is not inherently entitled to superior privileges, respect, or deference relative to others.
Emotionality (E)
Unlike Big Five Neuroticism, the HEXACO Emotionality domain excludes anger and irritability, concentrating instead on vulnerability, emotional sensitivity, and protective caution. It delineates emotional investment in personal safety and the well-being of emotionally bonded kin.
- Fearfulness: Reflects tendencies to feel anxious or avoid physical dangers, hazardous environments, or bodily risks.
- Anxiety: Assesses the propensity to worry, ruminate, or experience stress regarding minor complications, uncertain futures, or demanding circumstances.
- Dependence: Measures the psychological need for emotional support, reassurance, and validation from intimate others during challenging life events.
- Sentimentality: Captures strong emotional responsiveness, empathy toward distress, deep feelings of attachment, and sensitivity to relational bonds.
eXtraversion (X)
Extraversion quantifies positive engagement with the social and physical world, high energy levels, social confidence, and enthusiasm.
- Social Self-Esteem: Assesses a positive self-view within social contexts, feelings of popularity, and satisfaction with interpersonal standing.
- Social Boldness: Measures assertiveness, comfort, and spontaneous leadership when interacting in group meetings, public speaking, or unfamiliar social groups.
- Sociability: Reflects the preference for active interaction, conversation, large social gatherings, and dynamic company over solitary tasks.
- Liveliness: Captures typical states of high energy, optimism, vitality, and enthusiasm across daily routines.
Agreeableness versus Anger (A)
In the HEXACO model, Agreeableness represents leniency, patience, tolerance, and constructive conflict resolution, standing in contrast to quick-temperedness, stubbornness, and vengefulness.
- Forgivingness: Measures the willingness to let go of resentment, pardon those who have caused harm, and maintain trust rather than holding enduring grudges.
- Gentleness: Reflects the tendency to respond with mildness, kindness, and understanding rather than harsh critique or severe judgment.
- Flexibility: Captures openness to compromise, consensus-building, and accommodating alternative viewpoints rather than adopting an unyielding stance.
- Patience: Evaluates the threshold for enduring irritation, provocation, or maltreatment without losing one’s temper or becoming aggressively hostile.
Conscientiousness (C)
Conscientiousness assesses personal discipline, goal-directed striving, thoroughness, and deliberation in organizing one’s physical and conceptual environment.
- Organization: Reflects neatness, systematic planning, orderliness, and structured approaches to work and domestic spaces.
- Diligence: Measures strong work ethic, ambition, persistent goal attainment, and self-directed striving against challenging obstacles.
- Perfectionism: Captures meticulous attention to detail, repeated verification of task accuracy, and intolerance for careless errors.
- Prudence: Evaluates impulse control, deliberate foresight, and rational evaluation of long-term consequences versus impulsive decision-making.
Openness to Experience (O)
Openness to Experience encompasses intellectual curiosity, artistic sensitivity, unconventionality, and appreciation for novel perspectives.
- Aesthetic Appreciation: Measures emotional and cognitive receptivity to visual arts, literature, musical compositions, and natural scenery.
- Inquisitiveness: Assesses intellectual curiosity about the natural, physical, historical, and geopolitical domains.
- Creativity: Reflects original problem-solving, innovative expression, imagination, and artistic production.
- Unconventionality: Evaluates receptivity toward radical, novel, or non-traditional ideas, lifestyles, and eccentric perspectives.
Interstitial Scale: Altruism versus Antagonism
The HEXACO framework also includes a 4-item interstitial facet scale measuring Altruism (versus Antagonism). Altruism taps prosocial sympathy, charitable actions, generosity, and compassion toward individuals experiencing hardship, drawing variance primarily from the intersection of Honesty-Humility, Agreeableness, and Emotionality.
6. Theoretical Framework
The HEXACO model rests upon two foundational pillars of modern psychological science: the Lexical Hypothesis and Evolutionary Trait Theory.
The Cross-Cultural Lexical Foundation
The lexical approach, originally articulated by Sir Francis Galton and expanded by Gordon Allport, Raymond Cattell, and Lewis R. Goldberg, posits that the most salient, socially meaningful, and behavioral distinctions among individuals become encoded into natural language as single-word adjectives. When factor analyses were restricted to English-language dictionaries in the mid-twentieth century, five factors emerged repeatedly.
However, between 1990 and 2005, extensive independent lexical investigations executed across more than a dozen diverse languages—including Dutch, French, German, Italian, Hungarian, Polish, Greek, Korean, and Filipino—consistently yielded a distinct sixth factor. In these analyses, traits describing honesty, fairness, and sincerity split from Agreeableness, while emotional vulnerability and empathy separated from hostility and anger. Ashton and Lee synthesized these findings into the HEXACO taxonomy, demonstrating that the six-factor structure possesses cross-cultural generalizability that exceeds that of the classical Big Five.
Evolutionary Explanations: Reciprocal and Kin Altruism
Ashton and Lee formulated an evolutionary foundation for the HEXACO dimensions, conceptualizing them as evolved adaptive strategies to recurring human social dilemmas:
- Honesty-Humility and Agreeableness (Reciprocal Altruism): Ashton and Lee (2007) posited that Honesty-Humility and Agreeableness represent two complementary sides of reciprocal altruism (mutual cooperation). Honesty-Humility governs fairness in cooperation: an individual high in H cooperates without exploiting partners, resisting the temptation to defect or cheat even when opportunities are undetectable. In contrast, Agreeableness governs tolerance of non-cooperation: an individual high in A maintains cooperation and forgives minor transgressions, preventing mutually destructive cycles of retaliation (tit-for-tat retaliation).
- Emotionality (Kin Altruism and Self-Preservation): High Emotionality reflects heightened investment in kin altruism and bodily preservation. Fearfulness and anxiety minimize hazardous physical exposure to survival threats, while sentimentality and dependence foster intense empathy and protective resource sharing toward genetically related kin and close allies.
- Extraversion, Conscientiousness, and Openness (Task and Social Investment): Extraversion reflects engagement in social competition, reproductive courtship, and social alliance building. Conscientiousness governs survival-oriented task performance, material acquisition, plan execution, and impulse management. Openness to Experience governs cognitive resource allocation, novel tool discovery, environmental adaptation, and sociocultural problem-solving.
7. Validity
The psychometric validity of the HEXACO-PI-R 100 has been confirmed across dozens of empirical studies encompassing diverse samples, clinical settings, cross-national investigations, and laboratory paradigms.
Construct and Structural Validity
Construct validity is substantiated by multi-trait multi-method analyses, demonstrating convergence between self-reports and observer-reports (peer, romantic partner, and supervisor ratings). Self-observer correlations for the six domain scales regularly fall within the .55 to .70 range, confirming that HEXACO traits reflect identifiable patterns of behavior rather than subjective self-concept biases.
Predictive and Criterion Validity: The Dark Triad and Counterproductive Behaviors
The predictive superiority of the HEXACO-PI-R over the Five-Factor Model is most prominent in criteria involving morality, deception, and workplace conduct. Empirical research (e.g., Lee & Ashton, 2005) has established that the Dark Triad of personality—Machiavellianism, subclinical psychopathy, and subclinical narcissism—is essentially captured by the negative pole of the Honesty-Humility factor. While the Big Five model must combine low Agreeableness and low Conscientiousness to approximate these traits, Honesty-Humility uniquely accounts for over 50% of the variance across combined Dark Triad indices.
In industrial-organizational environments, low Honesty-Humility systematically predicts counterproductive workplace behaviors (CWBs), including employee theft, falsification of expenses, white-collar fraud, sexual harassment, and industrial sabotage, exhibiting incremental validity ($R^2$ changes of .10 to .25) over and above the Big Five inventory scales. Conscientiousness incrementally predicts operational task performance, organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs), and job reliability.
Behavioral Economics and Laboratory Games
The validity of the HEXACO dimensions is further demonstrated through behavioral economic experiments:
- In the Dictator Game, where players unilaterally allocate resources without threat of retaliation, Honesty-Humility consistently predicts generous, equitable splits, whereas Big Five Agreeableness displays weak or negligible effects.
- In the Ultimatum Game, where receivers can reject unfair offers at a cost to themselves, HEXACO Agreeableness predicts offer acceptance and tolerance of unequal distribution, whereas Honesty-Humility predicts fair offers when in the proposer role.
- In Public Goods Games, Honesty-Humility predicts spontaneous, persistent contributions to shared group welfare in the absence of coercive punishment.
Convergent and Discriminant Validity
Convergent validity is documented via strong correlations between corresponding HEXACO and Big Five dimensions: Extraversion ($r \approx .75$), Conscientiousness ($r \approx .75$), and Openness ($r \approx .70$). Discriminant validity is underscored by the structural divergence between HEXACO Emotionality and Big Five Neuroticism ($r \approx .55$ to $.60$); the non-shared variance reflects the reassignment of angry hostility to HEXACO Agreeableness and the inclusion of prosocial sentimentality within Emotionality.
8. Reliability
The HEXACO-PI-R 100 demonstrates high internal consistency and temporal stability across cross-sectional, longitudinal, and multi-informant settings.
Internal Consistency (Cronbach’s Alpha)
Extensive normative studies conducted on college student samples and general adult community cohorts (e.g., Ashton & Lee, 2007; Lee & Ashton, 2018) reveal the following typical domain-level internal consistencies:
- Honesty-Humility (H): $\alpha = .81 – .86$
- Emotionality (E): $\alpha = .80 – .85$
- eXtraversion (X): $\alpha = .83 – .88$
- Agreeableness (A): $\alpha = .79 – .85$
- Conscientiousness (C): $\alpha = .81 – .86$
- Openness to Experience (O): $\alpha = .78 – .84$
- Altruism (Interstitial): $\alpha = .68 – .74$
At the 4-item facet level, mean internal consistencies average approximately $.70$, ranging from $.62$ to $.82$. These figures are noteworthy given that each facet scale consists of only 4 items, confirming high item homogeneity and robust psychometric efficiency.
Test-Retest Stability
Longitudinal investigations spanning intervals from several weeks to multiple years indicate high temporal stability coefficients. Over intervals ranging from 6 months to 2 years, test-retest correlations for the six domain scales consistently fall between $.72$ and $.84$, matching or exceeding the stability coefficients reported for classical instruments such as the NEO-PI-R.
9. Factor Analysis
The structural integrity of the HEXACO-PI-R 100 has been verified across exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) frameworks.
Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA)
Principal Axis Factoring and Principal Component Analyses with orthogonal (Varimax) and oblique (Promax/Oblimin) rotations consistently extract six prominent factors that correspond cleanly to H, E, X, A, C, and O. When factoring the 24 facet subscales, the scree plot and parallel analysis show an unambiguous six-factor extraction. Facet subscales systematically load strongly on their designated major factors (typically between $.55$ and $.80$) with cross-loadings rarely exceeding $.20$.
The interstitial Altruism facet exhibits balanced, secondary positive cross-loadings on Honesty-Humility, Agreeableness, and Emotionality, consistent with theoretical expectations.
Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and Measurement Invariance
Confirmatory factor analytic investigations evaluating the six-factor hierarchy indicate adequate-to-good fit parameters across broad demographic groups when item cross-loadings are accommodated via Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling (ESEM) or when facets serve as indicators for domain constructs:
- Comparative Fit Index (CFI): Values regularly exceed $.90$ to $.94$ in facet-level structural equation models.
- Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA): Values consistently range between $.045$ and $.062$ ($90%\text{ CI } [.041, .065]$), indicating close approximate fit.
- Standardized Root Mean Square Residual (SRMR): Observed values routinely fall below $.055$.
Multi-group CFA studies confirm metric (weak) and scalar (strong) measurement invariance across genders, age groups, and diverse linguistic translations, confirming that the latent trait metrics operate equivalently across populations.
10. Instrument / Measurement Tool
- Instrument Name: HEXACO Personality Inventory-Revised (100-item operationalization; HEXACO-PI-R 100)
- Assessment Type: Standardized self-report and observer-report objective personality inventory
- Item Count: 100 items (24 facets $\times$ 4 items = 96 items, plus a 4-item Altruism interstitial facet scale)
- Structure: 6 Broad Domain Dimensions, 24 Specific Facet Subscales, 1 Interstitial Facet Scale
- Response Scale: 5-point Likert scale: 1 = strongly disagree, 2 = disagree, 3 = neutral (neither agree nor disagree), 4 = agree, 5 = strongly agree
- Administration Time: Approximately 15 to 20 minutes
- Scoring and Reverse Keying: Items are scored from 1 to 5. Exactly 50 items are reverse-keyed (1 = 5, 2 = 4, 3 = 3, 4 = 2, 5 = 1) to mitigate acquiescence response bias. Reverse-scored items are: 2, 7, 8, 10, 11, 14, 15, 17, 18, 20, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28, 30, 31, 33, 34, 36, 42, 45, 46, 48, 49, 52, 54, 55, 57, 58, 60, 61, 63, 64, 66, 70, 71, 74, 76, 77, 80, 81, 84, 86, 87, 89, 90, 93, 94, 96.
- Subscale Aggregation: Domain scores are computed by calculating the arithmetic mean of all 16 items within the respective domain. Facet scores are computed by averaging the 4 designated facet items.
11. Permissions & Fee and Test Year
The HEXACO Personality Inventory-Revised was formally introduced in its extended 200-item format in 2004, with the revised 100-item and 60-item iterations developed and validated in 2009 by Kibeom Lee and Michael C. Ashton. The authors maintain a pro-open-science policy: the HEXACO instruments are open access and available free of charge for non-commercial academic research, pedagogical use, and individual self-assessment.
Researchers and educators may access the instrument items, scoring rubrics, norms, and multilingual translations via the official online repository at hexaco.org. Commercial use, third-party distribution, or integration into proprietary commercial employment assessment platforms requires formal licensing and explicit written permission from the copyright holders.
12. References
- Ashton, M. C., & Lee, K. (2001). A theoretical basis for the major dimensions of personality. European Journal of Personality, 15(5), 327–353. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.417
- Ashton, M. C., & Lee, K. (2007). Empirical, theoretical, and practical advantages of the HEXACO model of personality structure. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 11(2), 150–166. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868306294907
- Ashton, M. C., & Lee, K. (2009). The HEXACO‐60: A short measure of the six major dimensions of personality. Journal of Personality Assessment, 91(4), 340–345. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223890902935878
- Ashton, M. C., Lee, K., Perugini, M., Szarota, P., de Vries, R. E., Di Blas, L., Boies, K., & De Raad, B. (2004). A six-factor structure of personality-descriptive adjectives: Solutions from psycholexical studies in seven languages. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86(2), 356–366. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.86.2.356
- Lee, K., & Ashton, M. C. (2004). Psychometric properties of the HEXACO Personality Inventory. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 39(2), 329–358. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327906mbr3902_8
- Lee, K., & Ashton, M. C. (2005). Psychopathy, Machiavellianism, and Narcissism in the Five-Factor Model and the HEXACO model of personality structure. Personality and Individual Differences, 38(7), 1571–1582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2004.09.016
- Lee, K., & Ashton, M. C. (2018). Further assessment of the HEXACO Personality Inventory-Revised (HEXACO-PI-R): Facet-level internal consistency and construct validity. Journal of Personality Assessment, 100(4), 417–431. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2017.1368000
13. Items of the Scale
Response Scale: 5-point Likert scale: 1 = strongly disagree, 2 = disagree, 3 = neutral (neither agree nor disagree), 4 = agree, 5 = strongly agree
Reverse-scored Items (R): 2, 7, 8, 10, 11, 14, 15, 17, 18, 20, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28, 30, 31, 33, 34, 36, 42, 45, 46, 48, 49, 52, 54, 55, 57, 58, 60, 61, 63, 64, 66, 70, 71, 74, 76, 77, 80, 81, 84, 86, 87, 89, 90, 93, 94, 96. (Reverse scoring formula: 1=5, 2=4, 3=3, 4=2, 5=1)
- I would be quite bored by a visit to an art gallery.
- I plan ahead and organize things, to avoid scrambling at the last minute.
- I rarely hold a grudge, even against people who have badly wronged me.
- I feel reasonably satisfied with myself overall.
- I would feel afraid if I had to travel in bad weather conditions.
- I wouldn’t use flattery to get a raise or promotion at work, even if I thought it would succeed.
- I’m interested in learning about the history and politics of other countries.
- I often push myself very hard when trying to achieve a goal.
- People sometimes tell me that I am too critical of others.
- I rarely express my opinions in group meetings.
- I sometimes can’t help worrying about little things.
- If I knew that I could never get caught, I would be willing to steal a million dollars.
- I would enjoy creating a work of art, such as a novel, a song, or a painting.
- When working on something, I don’t pay much attention to small details.
- People think of me as someone who has a quick temper.
- When I’m suffering from a painful experience, I need someone to make me feel better.
- Having a lot of money is not especially important to me.
- I think that paying attention to radical ideas is a waste of time.
- I make decisions based on the feelings of the moment rather than on careful thought.
- People think of me as a genuinely forgiving person.
- In social situations, I’m usually the one who makes the first move.
- I worry a lot less than most people do.
- I would be tempted to buy stolen property if I were financially tight.
- I enjoy looking at maps of different places.
- I rarely make mistakes in my work.
- Most people tend to get on my nerves.
- In conversation, I let the other person do most of the talking.
- I can handle difficult situations without needing emotional support from anyone else.
- I would like to live in a very expensive, high-class neighborhood.
- I like people who have unconventional views.
- I do a lot of things without thinking them through.
- Even when people make a lot of mistakes, I rarely say anything negative.
- I feel that I am an unpopular person.
- I feel pretty close to people who are just my acquaintances.
- I’d be very nervous if I had to walk outside in a very tall building.
- I want people to know that I am an important person of high status.
- If I had the chance, I’d like to attend a classical music concert.
- When working, I often set ambitious goals for myself.
- My attitude toward people who have treated me badly is “forgive and forget”.
- I enjoy meeting new people.
- When I suffer from a minor illness, I don’t feel like complaining.
- I’d be tempted to use counterfeit money, if I were sure I could get away with it.
- If I could, I would like to live in a different country for a while.
- I often check my work over repeatedly to find any mistakes.
- I tend to be lenient in judging other people.
- When I’m in a group of people, I’m often the one who speaks on behalf of the group.
- I rarely feel like weeping, even when I’m under a lot of stress.
- I wouldn’t pretend to like someone just to get that person to do favors for me.
- I find it boring to discuss philosophy.
- I prefer to do whatever comes to mind, rather than stick to a plan.
- I rarely feel anger, even when people treat me quite badly.
- I find it hard to feel very confident about myself.
- I tend to get quite anxious, even in situations that are only somewhat stressful.
- I wouldn’t mind doing something shady if it meant getting ahead in life.
- Sometimes I like to just watch the wind as it blows through the trees.
- I work hard to achieve my goals, even if obstacles get in my way.
- I rarely say “I’m sorry” after a disagreement.
- When I’m at a social gathering, I often feel lonely and isolated.
- I would rather stay at home than attend a large party.
- I can be quite tough-minded when making decisions.
- I would like to be seen driving around in a very expensive car.
- I think of myself as a somewhat eccentric person.
- I always make sure that I finish work on time.
- Even when someone treats me very badly, I don’t stay angry for long.
- The first thing I always do in a new place is to make friends.
- I can overcome difficulties on my own, without anyone helping me.
- I’d be very scared if I had to ride a fast roller coaster.
- I don’t think of myself as having any special privileges over other people.
- I have never been interested in visiting a museum.
- I often do things on the spur of the moment.
- I am easily angered when people criticize me.
- On the whole, I’m pleased with the kind of person I am.
- I don’t worry about things that have already happened.
- If I want something from a person I don’t like, I will act very nicely toward that person in order to get it.
- I’m interested in science and how things work.
- I don’t allow my impulses to govern my behavior.
- Most people are more hard-hearted than they should be.
- When I’m in a group of people, I usually let someone else lead the conversation.
- I would get very anxious if a loved one were sick or injured.
- I would get a lot of pleasure from owning expensive luxury goods.
- I don’t like to read books about things that are imaginary or make-believe.
- I don’t like to leave tasks unfinished.
- I think that I am a very forgiving person.
- In social situations, I am usually very talkative.
- I would feel afraid if I were stuck in a dark place.
- I wouldn’t feel bad about making someone look foolish if it made me look good.
- I would find it very interesting to read about different religions and philosophies.
- I plan my life carefully, so as to avoid surprises.
- I don’t mind when people criticize me, as long as it’s constructive.
- Most people are more confident than I am.
- I get very upset when I see someone crying.
- I think that I am entitled to more respect than the average person is.
- I find it difficult to appreciate modern art.
- I always try to be accurate in my work, even at the expense of time.
- When someone is hurt, I feel like I am hurting too.
- I prefer jobs that involve active social interaction to those that involve working alone.
- When I have a problem, I like to talk about it with someone else.
- If I had the chance, I’d like to experience living in a very cold place, like the Arctic.
- I feel that I have a lot to offer to others.
- I would feel nervous if I were told that I had to give a speech to a large audience.