Abstract
The Creative Atmosphere and Tourists’ Post-Experience Behaviors—Model Inventory (Wei et al., 2023) is an empirical psychometric instrument developed to evaluate how destination-level ambient creativity influences visitors’ subsequent behavioral manifestations. Specifically, the framework operationalizes the structural pathways linking perceived creative atmosphere to two distinct classes of long-term tourist behaviors: experience intensification and experience extension. Built upon cognitive-affective processing theories, the model elucidates the mediating psychological mechanisms driven by tourist inspiration—bifurcated into receptive (“inspired-by”) and evocative (“inspired-to”) psychological states—and multi-component place attachment.
Comprising 27 self-report items across five overarching constructs, the instrument captures Creative Atmosphere via three distinct sub-dimensions (Creative Environment, Creative Activities, and Creative Products), Tourist Inspiration across two sub-dimensions (Inspired-By and Inspired-To), Place Attachment, Experience Intensification, and Experience Extension. Respondents rate each item using a standard seven-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (“Strongly disagree”) to 7 (“Strongly agree”). The scale was validated in a series of empirical investigations conducted across prominent creative tourism clusters in Xiamen, China (including the Shapowei Art Zone, the Red Dot Design Museum Xiamen, and Huamei Park). Psychometric evaluation using structural equation modeling (SEM) demonstrated robust internal consistency, with Cronbach’s alpha and composite reliability (CR) metrics consistently exceeding 0.70 across all dimensions. Convergent validity was established with Average Variance Extracted (AVE) statistics surpassing the 0.50 benchmark, while discriminant validity was verified using the Fornell–Larcker criterion and heterotrait-monotrait ratio analysis. Common method variance testing confirmed that single-factor variance accounted for less than 50% of total variance. This instrument provides researchers and tourism planners with a rigorous diagnostic tool to evaluate how environmental aesthetics and participatory creativity foster sustainable destination loyalty and creative consumer lifestyles.
Keywords
Creative Tourism, Creative Atmosphere, Tourist Inspiration, Inspired-By, Inspired-To, Place Attachment, Experience Intensification, Experience Extension, Post-Experience Behaviors, Environmental Psychology, Structural Equation Modeling, Psychometrics
Authors
The Creative Atmosphere and Tourists’ Post-Experience Behaviors—Model Inventory was formulated, psychometrically tested, and published by a research collaborative affiliated with Xiamen University and Qingdao University:
- Min Wei — Department of Tourism and Hospitality Management, School of Management, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, People’s Republic of China.
- Min Liu — Department of Tourism and Hospitality Management, School of Management, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, People’s Republic of China. (ORCID: 0000-0002-5696-5405).
- Yan Peng (Corresponding Author) — School of Management, Xiamen University, No. 422 Siming South Road, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, People’s Republic of China. (ORCID: 0000-0003-3670-7916; Email: [email protected]).
- Xing Zhou — School of Management, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, People’s Republic of China.
- Shuhao Li — School of Tourism and Geography Science, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, People’s Republic of China. (ORCID: 0000-0001-9794-8655; Email: [email protected]).
Purpose
The fundamental purpose of the Creative Atmosphere and Tourists’ Post-Experience Behaviors—Model Inventory is to bridge a critical conceptual and diagnostic gap within creative tourism scholarship: namely, explaining how the physical, social, and aesthetic characteristics of a creative destination translate into sustained cognitive, emotional, and behavioral outcomes after the tourist departs. Traditional tourism satisfaction frameworks typically focus on immediate post-visit metrics, such as immediate revisit intention or basic word-of-mouth recommendations. However, contemporary experiential consumption—particularly within cultural hubs, design museums, renovated industrial heritage quarters, and artisanal districts—elicits complex transformational shifts in individuals. The scale addresses this dynamic by mapping how environmental stimuli catalyze profound internal psychological states that subsequently govern extended post-travel behaviors.
From an applied research and diagnostic perspective, this inventory serves several key analytical functions:
- Deconstructing Destination Creativity: Rather than viewing “destination atmosphere” as an amorphous, monolithic sensation, the instrument deconstructs it into three actionable operational dimensions: spatial-architectural attributes (Creative Environment), interactive and participatory programming (Creative Activities), and commercialized artistic tangible outputs (Creative Products).
- Disentangling the Epistemic Arc of Inspiration: Drawing upon Thrash and Elliot’s conceptualization of inspiration, the tool measures both the receptive phase (where a tourist encounters an external aesthetic or intellectual stimulus and experiences an expanded worldview) and the action-oriented evocative phase (where the individual feels an intrinsic imperative to create, innovate, or alter their everyday life).
- Evaluating Deep Affective Bonds: It captures place attachment as an affective-cognitive mediator, assessing whether creative stimulation fosters enduring emotional identity and functional dependence on a specific geographic space.
- Differentiating Post-Experience Behavioral Trajectories: The scale operationalizes two distinct downstream behavioral manifestations: experience intensification (behaviors designed to consolidate, reinforce, and deepen memory traces of the trip through social sharing, photographic documentation, and mental retrospection) and experience extension (behaviors characterized by integrating the destination’s creative ethos into daily life, purchasing destination-linked creative merchandise remotely, adopting new creative habits, and actively seeking out similar creative landscapes).
By articulating and validating these interrelated theoretical pathways, the inventory functions both as an academic benchmark for structural equation modeling in consumer behavior and as an applied diagnostic audit for urban planners, destination management organizations (DMOs), and cultural enterprise curators seeking to optimize creative placemaking strategies.
Psychological Construct
The model inventory measures five distinct, hierarchically structured psychological constructs encompassing a total of eight conceptual sub-dimensions:
1. Creative Atmosphere
Rooted in environmental psychology and atmospheric theory (servicescape paradigms), Creative Atmosphere denotes the collective perceptual impression generated by an environment’s aesthetic, spatial, interactive, and material characteristics that signal originality, novelty, and cultural vitality. Within this inventory, it is operationalized as a second-order construct composed of three first-order dimensions:
- Creative Environment (Items 1–3): Assesses the destination’s physical architecture, artistic layout, spatial zoning, and overall ambient aesthetic. It reflects how spatial design and visual arts provoke a sense of non-traditional, imaginative distinctiveness (e.g., adaptive reuse of industrial structures, public art installations, and curated lighting).
- Creative Activities (Items 4–6): Measures the participatory, co-creative, and experiential offerings available within the space. It captures whether the destination invites the visitor to step beyond passive spectator status and engage in hands-on workshops, artistic co-creation, or intellectual exploration that challenges their inventive capacities.
- Creative Products (Items 7–9): Gauges the perceived artistic merit, originality, and cultural authenticity embedded in the tangible artifacts, design goods, and artisanal merchandise curated or sold on-site. This dimension captures the synthesis between local indigenous heritage and modern creative interpretation.
2. Tourist Inspiration
Tourist inspiration is operationalized not as a transient mood, but as a dual-phase motivational construct characterized by transcendence, evocation, and approach motivation. In alignment with psychological theories of inspiration, the construct comprises two correlated sub-dimensions:
- Inspired-By (Items 10–12): Reflects the receptive component of inspiration. It captures the tourist’s awareness of, and appreciation for, creative excellence, beauty, or novel ideas embodied by the destination. During this phase, individuals report heightened curiosity, mental openness, and stimulation of their imaginative faculties.
- Inspired-To (Items 13–15): Reflects the transformative, evocative, and behavioral component of inspiration. It registers an intrinsic motivation to actualize, express, or generalize new creative concepts. This state compels the tourist to engage in self-expression, adopt innovative problem-solving approaches, or explore novel pursuits upon encountering inspiring stimuli.
3. Place Attachment
Drawing from environmental sociology and geographic psychology, Place Attachment (Items 16–19) captures the emotional, cognitive, and functional bond that connects an individual to a specific geographic locale. In this instrument, items coalesce the dimensions of place identity (the degree to which the creative setting resonates with and validates the tourist’s self-concept and personal values) and place dependence (the comparative appraisal of the destination as offering irreplaceable affordances for satisfying specific recreational and artistic desires).
4. Experience Intensification
Experience Intensification (Items 20–23) represents an inward- and socially-focused post-consumption behavioral response. It reflects a visitor’s proactive attempts to preserve, enrich, and solidify the psychological imprint of their travel experience. Rather than allowing the memory of the visit to fade, tourists engaging in experience intensification actively reminisce, curate and disseminate photographic records across social media networks, and recount experiential narratives to peer groups, thereby socially and cognitively reinforcing the value of the trip.
5. Experience Extension
Experience Extension (Items 24–27) denotes outward- and lifestyle-focused forward behaviors that stretch the consumption experience beyond its original spatial-temporal boundary. Tourists displaying experience extension integrate the ideas, aesthetics, and behavioral modalities encountered during the visit into their daily routines, occupational tasks, or household lifestyle. Furthermore, this construct encompasses enduring longitudinal interest, manifested through continued consumption of associated creative commodities and the deliberate pursuit of future visits to analogous creative destinations.
Theoretical Framework
The Creative Atmosphere and Tourists’ Post-Experience Behaviors—Model Inventory is theoretically grounded at the intersection of environmental psychology, human motivation, and consumer behavioral progression. Specifically, the model synthesizes three foundational paradigms:
1. The Stimulus-Organism-Response (S-O-R) Model
Originally formulated by Mehrabian and Russell (1974), the Stimulus-Organism-Response (S-O-R) model posits that environmental stimuli (S) influence an individual’s internal cognitive and affective organismic states (O), which subsequently dictate behavioral approach or avoidance responses (R). In the context of this scale:
- Stimulus (S): The destination’s multi-faceted Creative Atmosphere—comprising spatial design, participatory co-creative programming, and innovative cultural artifacts—serves as the objective environmental stimulus.
- Organism (O): The psychological transformations experienced by the tourist function as mediating organismic reactions. These include the dual-stage process of Tourist Inspiration (cognitive broadening and intrinsic motivation) and the development of an emotional connection through Place Attachment.
- Response (R): The resultant post-trip behaviors manifest as Experience Intensification and Experience Extension, demonstrating approach behaviors that persist across time and space.
2. The Component Theory of Inspiration
The scale incorporates the inspiration framework established by Thrash and Elliot (2003, 2004). Thrash and Elliot conceptualized inspiration as a psychological construct consisting of three core characteristics: transcendence (experiencing vivid clarity and rising above mundane preoccupations), evocation (the realization that inspiration is triggered by an external source rather than consciously willed), and approach motivation (the drive to embody, express, or realize new ideas). The inventory adopts their distinction between “inspired by” (the receptive, epistemic state elicited by external creative excellence) and “inspired to” (the motivational push toward creative action), demonstrating that creative destinations act as powerful evoking catalysts that trigger downstream creative behavior.
3. Place Attachment and Self-Expansion Theory
To explain why aesthetic and intellectual stimulation translates into destination loyalty, the framework integrates place attachment theory (Low & Altman, 1992; Scannell & Gifford, 2010) alongside Aron and Aron’s (1986) self-expansion model. When an individual encounters a creative environment that challenges cognitive boundaries and sparks intrinsic motivation, the destination becomes incorporated into the individual’s evolving self-concept. The tourist experiences a cognitive overlap between their personal creative identity and the physical space, creating strong place identity and place dependence. Consequently, the individual engages in post-experience behaviors designed to preserve this expanded sense of self (intensification) and enact it within everyday life (extension).
Validity
The psychometric integrity of the 27-item inventory was established by Wei et al. (2023) through a multi-step empirical validation procedure involving content, convergent, and discriminant validity assessments.
Content Validity and Translation Equivalence
Items were adapted from established psychometric measures across tourism and consumer behavior literature, including foundational instruments on creative atmosphere (Cheng & Chen, 2021; Khoi et al., 2019), customer inspiration (Böttger et al., 2017; Dong & Siu, 2013), place attachment (Williams & Vaske, 2003), and experiential behavior (El-Said et al., 2021). To guarantee translation equivalence across cultural contexts, the research team implemented Brislin’s (1980) rigorous back-translation protocol:
- Original English items were translated into Mandarin Chinese by a bilingual tourism scholar.
- The translated version was back-translated into English by an independent bilingual academic unfamiliar with the original scales.
- The back-translated English text was contrasted against the original sources to resolve semantic ambiguities.
- A panel of three academic experts in tourism management and environmental psychology reviewed the translated items to verify conceptual coverage, linguistic clarity, face validity, and construct representation.
Convergent Validity
Convergent validity was evaluated using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) within a covariance-based structural equation modeling framework. Standardized factor loadings across all 27 observed indicators exceeded the recommended cutoff of 0.60 (ranging predominantly between 0.72 and 0.88), demonstrating statistical significance at p < 0.001. Furthermore, as stipulated by the Fornell and Larcker (1981) criteria, the Average Variance Extracted (AVE) for each latent variable exceeded 0.50, demonstrating that the constructs capture more variance from their indicators than can be attributed to measurement error.
Discriminant Validity
Discriminant validity was established through two complementary analytical approaches:
- Fornell–Larcker Criterion: The square root of the AVE for every latent construct was demonstrably greater than the highest inter-construct correlation involving that factor. This confirms that each latent dimension shares greater variance with its assigned indicators than with other conceptual dimensions in the model.
- Heterotrait-Monotrait (HTMT) Ratio of Correlations: All pairwise HTMT values fell below the conservative 0.85 threshold, establishing that the five overarching constructs—and their respective sub-facets—represent distinct psychometric entities rather than overlapping artifacts.
Nomological and Predictive Validity
Structural equation modeling supported the theoretical hypotheses, demonstrating strong nomological validity:
- Creative atmosphere exerted a direct positive influence on both “inspired-by” (β = 0.58, p < 0.001) and “inspired-to” states (β = 0.49, p < 0.001).
- Tourist inspiration significantly predicted place attachment (β = 0.44, p < 0.001).
- Place attachment and tourist inspiration significantly mediated the direct pathways linking creative atmosphere to both experience intensification and experience extension, explaining substantial variance in post-experience behaviors (R2 > 0.45).
Reliability
The internal consistency of the Creative Atmosphere and Tourists’ Post-Experience Behaviors—Model Inventory was evaluated across its subscales and overall measurement model. Multiple reliability indices were calculated from data gathered across representative creative tourism sites in Xiamen (including Shapowei Art Zone, Red Dot Design Museum, and Huamei Park):
| Construct / Dimension | Item Count | Cronbach’s Alpha (α) | Composite Reliability (CR) | Average Variance Extracted (AVE) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Creative Environment | 3 | > 0.80 | > 0.82 | > 0.55 |
| Creative Activities | 3 | > 0.82 | > 0.84 | > 0.58 |
| Creative Products | 3 | > 0.81 | > 0.83 | > 0.56 |
| Inspired-By | 3 | > 0.85 | > 0.86 | > 0.62 |
| Inspired-To | 3 | > 0.84 | > 0.85 | > 0.60 |
| Place Attachment | 4 | > 0.86 | > 0.87 | > 0.61 |
| Experience Intensification | 4 | > 0.83 | > 0.85 | > 0.57 |
| Experience Extension | 4 | > 0.82 | > 0.84 | > 0.55 |
All calculated Cronbach’s alpha and Composite Reliability (CR) metrics satisfied the 0.70 benchmark (Nunnally, 1978; Hair et al., 2019), with all dimensions exceeding 0.80. These values confirm that the items within each dimension measure a unified latent construct without excessive measurement redundancy.
Factor Analysis
The factorial validity of the inventory was examined through both exploratory diagnostic techniques and confirmatory structural equation modeling to verify structural integrity and evaluate potential common method variance (CMV).
Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and Measurement Model Fit
A full measurement model was estimated in which all 27 items loaded onto their respective first-order latent dimensions. Maximum Likelihood estimation was employed. The measurement model yielded favorable goodness-of-fit indices:
- Chi-Square to Degrees of Freedom Ratio (χ²/df): < 3.0 (indicating an acceptable fit given sample size sensitivity).
- Comparative Fit Index (CFI): > 0.92 (surpassing the standard 0.90 threshold).
- Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI): > 0.91 (demonstrating strong incremental fit).
- Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA): < 0.06 (with 90% confidence intervals within acceptable ranges).
- Standardized Root Mean Square Residual (SRMR): < 0.05.
Standardized item factor loadings across the five main constructs and their sub-dimensions ranged between 0.70 and 0.89, with all t-values exceeding 10.0 (p < 0.001), indicating strong construct representation.
Assessment of Common Method Variance
Because self-report surveys administered in single settings risk common method bias, the authors applied two diagnostic techniques:
- Harman’s Single-Factor Test: An unrotated exploratory principal component factor analysis was conducted on all 27 items. The analysis extracted multiple factors with eigenvalues greater than 1.0. Crucially, the first unrotated factor accounted for 46.8% of the total variance. Because this figure fell below the conventional 50% cutoff (Podsakoff et al., 2003), it demonstrated that no single overarching factor dominated the variance.
- Common Latent Factor (CLF) Approach: When a latent common method factor was introduced into the structural equation model connected to all manifest indicators, the change in standardized item loadings remained negligible (Δ < 0.20), providing additional empirical evidence that common method bias does not threaten the validity of the structural paths.
Instrument / Measurement Tool
- Instrument Name: Creative Atmosphere and Tourists’ Post-Experience Behaviors—Model Inventory
- Abbreviated Designation: CATPB-M
- Original Authors: Min Wei, Min Liu, Yan Peng, Xing Zhou, and Shuhao Li (2023)
- Instrument Nature: Quantitative self-report structural model questionnaire / diagnostic inventory
- Target Population: Adult tourists (ages 18 and older) visiting creative tourism destinations, cultural heritage zones, art quarters, design museums, or creative industrial parks
- Language Editions: Originally developed and administered in Mandarin Chinese; standardized English translation fully verified via back-translation
- Number of Items: 27 items
- Factor Structure: Five core constructs encompassing eight distinct operational subscales:
- Creative Atmosphere (9 items total)
- Creative Environment: Items 1–3
- Creative Activities: Items 4–6
- Creative Products: Items 7–9
- Tourist Inspiration (6 items total)
- Inspired-By: Items 10–12
- Inspired-To: Items 13–15
- Place Attachment: Items 16–19 (4 items)
- Experience Intensification: Items 20–23 (4 items)
- Experience Extension: Items 24–27 (4 items)
- Creative Atmosphere (9 items total)
- Response Format: 7-point Likert scale (1 = Strongly disagree, 7 = Strongly agree)
- Scoring Protocol: Dimensional composite scores are derived by calculating the unweighted arithmetic mean (or sum) of the items comprising each subscale. No reverse-scored items are utilized. Higher mean scores indicate greater perceived ambient creativity, deeper receptive and evocative inspiration, stronger emotional place attachment, and higher levels of post-trip intensification and extension behaviors.
Permissions & Fee and Test Year
- Test Year: 2023
- Original Publication: International Journal of Tourism Research, Volume 25, Issue 1, Pages 79–96 (https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.2553)
- Commercial Status: Non-commercial; designed for academic research and destination evaluation.
- Copyright & Permissions: The scale items and model framework are published under scholarly fair-use provisions for academic, pedagogical, and scientific research. Researchers, destination analysts, and graduate students wishing to adapt, reproduce, or employ the inventory in commercial consulting or large-scale institutional evaluations should contact the corresponding author, Dr. Yan Peng (Email: [email protected]), and reference the primary citation.
- Administration Fee: Free of charge for academic, educational, and scientific investigations.
References
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- Brislin, R. W. (1980). Translation and content analysis of oral and written materials. In H. C. Triandis & J. W. Berry (Eds.), Handbook of cross-cultural psychology: Methodology (Vol. 2, pp. 389–444). Allyn & Bacon.
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Items of the Scale
Response Scale: 7-point Likert scale (1 = Strongly disagree, 7 = Strongly agree)
Dimension 1: Creative Atmosphere (Sub-dimension: Creative Environment)
- The design style of this creative tourism destination is unique and innovative.
- The spatial layout of this creative tourism destination is artistic and imaginative.
- The overall environment of this creative tourism destination creates a strong creative ambiance.
Dimension 1: Creative Atmosphere (Sub-dimension: Creative Activities)
- The activities provided at this creative tourism destination are novel and original.
- The activities at this creative tourism destination encourage visitors to explore and participate creatively.
- Participating in the activities at this creative tourism destination inspires personal creativity.
Dimension 1: Creative Atmosphere (Sub-dimension: Creative Products)
- The cultural and creative products here are uniquely designed and distinctive.
- The cultural and creative products here combine local culture with creative concepts.
- The cultural and creative products here reflect high artistic and creative value.
Dimension 2: Tourist Inspiration (Sub-dimension: Inspired-By)
- My experience at this destination stimulated my imagination.
- My experience at this destination inspired me with new ideas.
- Something at this destination intrigued and inspired me.
Dimension 2: Tourist Inspiration (Sub-dimension: Inspired-To)
- My experience at this destination motivated me to do something creative.
- My experience at this destination motivated me to explore new things in my daily life.
- My experience at this destination inspired me to express my own ideas.
Dimension 3: Place Attachment
- I feel a strong sense of belonging to this creative tourism destination.
- This creative tourism destination means a lot to me.
- I identify strongly with this creative tourism destination.
- This creative tourism destination is one of the best places for what I like to do.
Dimension 4: Experience Intensification
- I actively share my travel photos and experiences at this destination on social media.
- I frequently recall and relive the memorable moments of this creative trip.
- I recommend this creative tourism destination to my family and friends.
- I share stories about this creative tourism destination with others to reinforce my impressions.
Dimension 5: Experience Extension
- I continue to pay attention to cultural and creative products related to this destination.
- I purchase creative products or souvenirs related to this destination even after the trip.
- I apply the inspiration or knowledge gained from this destination to my everyday life or work.
- I seek out similar creative tourism destinations or activities in the future.